Unix / Linux - Shell Builtin Mathematical Functions

The most of the part of this tutorial covered Bourne Shell but this page list down all the mathematical builti-in functions available in Korn Shell. The Korn shell provides access to the standard set of mathematical functions. They are called using C function call syntax.

Sr.No.	Function & Description
1	abs Absolute value
2	log Natural logarithm
3	acos Arc cosine
4	sin Sine
5	asin Arc sine
6	sinh Hyperbolic sine
7	cos Cosine
8	sqrt Square root
9	cosh Hyperbolic cosine
10	tan Tangent
11	exp Exponential function
12	tanh Hyperbolic tangent
	13 int Integer part of floating-point number Unix, Linux System Call List of Unix, Linux System Calls accept access acct add_key adjtimex afs_syscall alarm alloc_hugepages arch_prctl bdflush bind break brk cacheflush chdir chmod chown chroot clone2 clone close connect create_module creat dup2 dup epoll_create epoll_ctl epoll_wait execve exit_group _exit exit _Exit faccessat fattch fchdir fchmodat fchmod fchownat fchown fcntl fdatasync fdetach flock fork free_hugepages fstatat fstatfs fstat fstatvfs fsync ftruncate futex futimesat getcontext getcwd getdents getdomainname getdtablesize getegid geteuid getgid getgroups gethostid gethostname getitimer get_kernel_syms get_mempolicy getmsg getpagesize getpeername getpgid getpgrp getpid getpmsg getppid getpriority getresgid getresuid getrlimit get_robust_list getrusage getsid getsockname getsockopt get_thread_area gettid gettimeofday getuid getunwind gtty idle inb inb_p init_module inl inl_p inotify_add_watch inotify_init inotify_rm_watch insb insl insw intro inw inw_p io_cancel ioctl ioctl_list io_destroy io_getevents ioperm iopl ioprio_get ioprio_set io_setup io_submit ipc isastream kexec_load keyctl kill killpg lchown linkat link listen _llseek llseek lock lookup_dcookie lseek lstat madvise mincore mkdirat mkdir mknodat mknod mlockall mlock mmap2 mmap modify_ldt mount move_pages mprotect mpx mq_getsetattr mremap msgctl msgget msgop msgrcv msgsnd msync multiplexer munlockall munlock munmap nanosleep _newselect nfsservctl nice obsolete oldfstat oldlstat oldolduname oldstat olduname openat open outb outb_p outl outl_p outsb outsl outsw outw outw_p path_resolution pause perfmonctl personality pipe pivot_root poll posix_fadvise ppoll prctl pread prof pselect ptrace putmsg putpmsg pwrite query_module quotactl readahead readdir read readlinkat readlink readv reboot recvfrom recv recvmsg remap_file_pages renameat rename request_key restart_syscall rmdir rtas rt_sigaction rt_sigpending rt_sigprocmask rt_sigqueueinfo rt_sigreturn rt_sigsuspend rt_sigtimedwait sbrk sched_getaffinity sched_getparam sched_get_priority_max sched_get_priority_min sched_getscheduler sched_rr_get_interval sched_setaffinity sched_setparam sched_setscheduler sched_yield security select select_tut semctl semget semop semtimedop sendfile send sendmsg sendto setcontext setdomainname setegid seteuid setfsgid setfsuid setgid setgroups sethostid sethostname setitimer setpgid setpgrp setpriority setregid setresgid setresuid setreuid setrlimit set_robust_list setsid setsockopt set_thread_area set_tid_address settimeofday setuid setup sgetmask shmat shmctl shmdt shmget shmop shutdown sigaction sigaltstack signal sigpending sigprocmask sigqueue sigreturn sigsuspend sigtimedwait sigwaitinfo socketcall socket socketpair splice spu_create spufs spu_run ssetmask statfs64 statfs stat statvfs stime stty swapcontext swapoff swapon symlinkat symlink sync_file_range sync _syscall syscall syscalls _sysctl sysctl sysfs sysinfo syslog tee tgkill time timer_create timer_delete timer_getoverrun timer_gettime timer_settime times tkill truncate tux umask umount2 umount uname undocumented unimplemented unlinkat unlink unshare uselib ustat utime utimes vfork vhangup vm86 vm86old vmsplice vserver wait3 wait4 wait waitid waitpid write writev Unix, Linux Commands List of Unix, Linux Commands [a] [b] [c] [d] [e] [f] [g] [h] [i] [j] [k] [l] [m] [n] [o] [p] [q] [r] [s] [t] [u] [v] [w] [x] [y] [z]   accept accton acpid addftinfo addpart addr2line adduser agetty alias alternatives amtu anacron animate anvil apachectl apm apmd apmsleep appletviewer apropos apt ar arbitron arch arp arping as aspell at atd atq atrm atrun attr audispd auditctl auditd aulast aulastlog aureport ausearch ausyscall authconfig autoconf autofs automount autoreconf autoscan autoupdate autrace avcstat avctrl awk   badblocks base64 basename bash bashbug batch bc bccmd bg bind bison blkid blockdev bmp2tiff booleans bounce break builtin builtins bunzip2 bzcat bzcmp bzdiff bzgrep bzip2 bzless bzmore   c++filt cal callback cancel cat cd chage chat chattr chcat chcon checkmodule checkpolicy chfn chgrp chkconfig chmod chown chpasswd chroot chrt chsh chvt ciphers ciptool cjpeg cksum cleanlinks cleanup clear clockdiff clusterdb cmp col colcrt colrm column combinediff comm command compare compgen compile_et complete composite conjure conman conmand continue convert convertquota cp cpan cpio cpp cpuspeed crash createdb createlang createuser cron crond crontab cryptsetup csh csplit ctags cupsctl cupsd curl cut cvs cvsbug cyradm cytune   date dc dd deallocvt debugfs declare defer deliver delpart depmod df dfutool dgst diff diffstat dig dir dircolors dirname dirs discard disown display distcache djpeg dmesg dmidecode dmraid dmsetup dnsdomainname dnsmasq doexec domainname dos2unix dosfsck doxygen doxytag dprofpp dropdb droplang dropuser dsa dsaparam du dump dund dvipdf   ec echo ecparam ed editdiff edquota egrep eject elinks emacs enable enc env envsubst eqn error errstr esd esdcat esdctl esddsp esdfilt esdloop esdmon esdplay esdrec esdsample espdiff etags ethtool eval eventlogadm ex exec execstack exit expand export exportfs expr extcheck   factor faillog false fancontrol fastjar fax2ps fax2tiff fbset fc fdformat fdisk fetchmail fg fgconsole fgrep file filefrag filterdiff find find2perl findchip findfs findsmb finger fixcvsdiff fixfiles flipdiff flock floppy flush fmt fold font2c fonttosfnt formail free fsadm fsck ftp fud funzip fuser   g++ gawk gcc gccmakedep gcj gcjh gcov gctags gdb gdbserver gdbtui gendiff gendsa genhomedircon genhostid genrsa geqn getenforce getent getfacl getfattr getkey getkeycodes getopt getopts getsebool gettext gfdl ghostscript gif2tiff gij gindxbib gjnih glookbib gnroff gpasswd gpg gpg.ru gpgv gpic gpm gprof grefer grep grepdiff grepjar grmic grmiregistry grn grodvi groff groffer grohtml grolbp grolj4 grops grotty groupadd groupdel groupmod groups grpck grpconv grpunconv grub grubby gs gtroff gunzip gzexe gzip   hald halt hash hcid hcitool hdparm head help hexdump history host hostid hostname htdbm htdigest htpasswd httpd hwclock   icclink iconv id identify idmapd ifconfig ifnames ifrename igawk imake imapd import imtest indxbib info infocmp infokey infotocap init initdb initlog innochecksum insmod install installsieve instmodsh interdiff intro ionice ip ip6tables ipcalc ipcclean ipcrm ipcs iptables-restore iptables-save iptables iptstate ipurge irattach irdadump irdaping irnetd irpsion5 irqbalance isadump isaset isosize   jade jarsigner java javac javadoc javah javap javaws jconsole jdb jinfo jmap jobs join jpegicc jpegtran jps jsadebugd jstack jstat jstatd jwhois   kbd_mode kbdrate keytool kill killall kinit klist klogd kpartx ksh ktab kudzu   last lastb lastcomm lastlog lchage lchfn lchsh ld ldconfig ldd less lessecho lesskey let lftp lftpget libnetcfg lid link links lkbib lmtp lmtpd lmtptest ln lndir lnewusers loadkeys loadunimap local locale localedef locate lockd lockfile logger login logname logout logresolve logrotate logsave logwatch look lookbib losetup lp lpadmin lpasswd lpc lpinfo lpmove lpoptions lppasswd lpq-cups lpq lpr lprm lpstat ls lsattr lsdiff lshal lsmod lsof lspci lspcmcia lsusb ltrace lwresd   m4 mac2unix mail mailq make makedepend makeg makestrs makewhatis man man2html manpath map mapscrn master matchpathcon mattrib mbadblocks mbchk mbexamine mbpath mcat mcd mclasserase mcookie mcopy md5sum mdadm mdassemble mdeltree mdir mdmpd mdu mergelib mesg mev mformat mgetty minfo mingetty mkbootdisk mkdir mkdirhier mkdosfs mke2fs mkfifo mkfontdir mkfontscale mkfs.ext2 mkfs.ext3 mkfs mkhtmlindex mkinitrd mklost+found mkmanifest mkmapfile mknod mkswap mktemp mlabel mmd mmount mmove modinfo modprobe mogrify montage more mount mountd mountpoint mpartition mrd mren msgattrib msgcat msgcmp msgcomm msgconv msgen msgexec msgfilter msgfmt msggrep msginit msgmerge msgunfmt msguniq mshowfat msql2mysql mtools mtoolstest mtr mtype multipath multipathd mupdatetest mutt mv mysql mysqlaccess mysqladmin mysqlbinlog mysqlbug mysqlcheck mysqld mysqld_multi mysqld_safe mysqldump mysqldumpslow mysqlhotcopy mysqlimport mysqlman mysqlmanager mysqlshow mysqlslap mysqltest mzip   named namei nameif nano nash nc neqn net netplugd netreport netstat newaliases newgrp newusers nfsd nfsstat ngettext nhfsgraph nhfsnums nhfsrun nhfsstone nice nm nmbd nmblookup nntpd nntptest nohup nologin notifyd nroff nscd nseq nsgmls nslookup nsupdate ntlm_auth ntpd ntpdate ntpdc ntpq ntpstat ntptime ntptrace ntsysv numactl   objcopy objdump ocsp od oddjobd onsgmls openjade openssl openvt oqmgr orbd osgmlnorm ospam ospcat ospent ownership   pand paps parted partprobe partx passwd paste patch pathchk pax pccardctl pcregrep pcretest pcscd pdbedit pdf2dsc pdf2ps pdffonts pdfimages pdfinfo pdfopt pdftohtml pdftops pdftotext perror pf2afm pfbtopfa pfbtops pftp pgawk pgrep php-config php phpize pic pic2graph pickup piconv pidof pinfo ping ping6 pinky pipe pkg-config pkill plipconfig pluginviewer pman pmap pod2html pod2latex pod2man pod2text pod2usage podchecker podselect policytool pop3d pop3test popd portmap postalias postcat postconf postdrop postfix postgres postkick postlock postlog postmap postmaster postqueue postsuper poweroff ppm2tiff pppd pppdump pppoe pppstats pr prelink printafm printenv printf procmail profiles protoize prove proxymap ps psed psql pstack pstree pstruct ptar ptardiff ptx pushd pvchange pvck pvcreate pvdisplay pvmove pvremove pvresize pvs pvscan pwck pwconv pwd pwdx pwmconfig pwunconv python   qmgr qmqpd qshape quota quotacheck quotaon quotastats   racoon racoonctl ramsize ranlib ras2tiff raw raw2tiff rawdevices rcp rdate rdev rdisc rdist rdjpgcom rdump read readelf readlink readonly readprofile reboot reconstruct recountdiff red rediff refer reindexdb reject rename renice replace repquota req reset resize2fs resizecons resolveip restore restorecon restorecond return rev revpath rexec rfcomm rgb2ycbcr rlogin rm rmdir rmid rmmod rmnews rmt rnano rootflags rotatelogs route rpcclient rpcdebug rpcgen rpcinfo rsa rsautl rsh rsvg rsync ruby runcon runlevel runuser rvi rview rvim   safe_mysqld saslauthd scache scp script sdiff sdpd sdptool sechecker secon sed sediff seinfo selinux selinuxenabled semanage sensors seq serialver servertool service sesearch sestatus set setarch setenforce setfacl setfattr setfiles setfont setkey setkeycodes setleds setmetamode setpci setquota setsebool setserial setsid setterm sfdisk sftp sg sgpio sh sha shift shopt showkey showmount showq shred shutdown sieveshell sivtest size skill slabtop slattach sleep sln slogin smartctl smartd smbcacls smbclient smbcontrol smbcquotas smbd smbget smbpasswd smbspool smbstatus smbtar smbtree smime smmapd smtp smtpd smtptest snice snmpd snmptrapd sntp soelim sort sosreport source spam spamassassin spamc spamd spawn speed spent spkac splain split splitdiff sprof sqlite3 squatter ssh-add ssh-agent ssh-copy-id ssh-keygen ssh-keyscan ssh-keysign ssh sshd sslpasswd sslrand sslswamp stat statd strace strings strip stty stunnel su sudo sudoedit suexec sulogin sum suspend svcgssd swapoff swapon symlinks sync sysctl sysklogd syslogd systool   tac tack tail tailf talk tar taskset tbl tclsh tcpd tcpdump tcpslice tcsh tdbbackup tdbdump tdbtool tee telinit telnet test testparm tfmtodit tftp thumbnail tic tiff2bw tiff2pdf tiff2ps tiff2rgba tiffcmp tiffcp tiffdither tiffdump tifficc tiffinfo tiffmedian tiffset tiffsplit time times timsieved tload tls_prune tlsmgr tmpwatch tnameserv toe top touch tput tr trace tracepath traceroute trap tree troff TRUE tset tsort tty tune2fs tunelp type typeset tzselect   ucs2any udevcontrol udevd udevinfo udevmonitor udevsettle udevtest udevtrigger ul ulimit umap umask umount unalias uname unexpand unexpunge uniq unix2dos unlink unprotoize unset unwrapdiff unzip unzipsfx updatedb uptime urlview useradd userdel userhelper userinfo usermod usermount usernetctl userpasswd users usleep uuidgen   vacuumdb vbetool vconfig vdir verify version vfstest vi vidmode view vigr vim vimdiff vimtutor vipw virtual visudo vmstat vol_id volname vpddecode vsftpd   w wait wall warnquota watch wbinfo wc webalizer wftopfa wget whatis whereis which whiptail who whoami whois winbindd wish write wrjpgcom wtpt   xargs xfs xgettext xglyph xmkmf xmlcatalog xmllint xmlwf xqmstats xsltproc xsubpp xulrunner xxd   yes ypbind ypcat ypchfn ypchsh ypmatch yppasswd yppoll ypset yptest ypwhich yum   zcat zcmp zdiff zdump zforce zgrep zic zip zipgrep zipinfo zless zmore znew zsoelim The following resources contain additional information on Unix. Please use them to get more in-depth knowledge on this topic. Useful Links on Unix Bell Labs − The Creation of the UNIX Operating System. Gives overview and history of UNIX operating system. BSD UNIX − FreeBSD is an advanced UNIX operating system for modern server, desktop, and embedded computer platforms. Linux Online − Linux is a free Unix-type operating system originally created by Linus Torvalds with the assistance of developers around the world. Unix @ Wikipedia − A brief description of Unix Operating system. Useful Books on Unix Discuss Unix / Linux Unix is a computer Operating System which is capable of handling activities from multiple users at the same time. The development of Unix started around 1969 at AT&T Bell Labs by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie. This tutorial gives a very good understanding on Unix.